Peer Reviewed Articles on Bosnian Cultural Beliefs Related to Illness
Mater Sociomed. 2014 Apr; 26(2): 84–89.
From Immigrant to Patient: Experiences of Bosnian Immigrants in the Swedish Healthcare System
Nail Seffo
1Department of Anesthesiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
Ferid Krupic
2Section of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Kemal Grbic
3Dispensary of Thoracic Surgery, University Clinical Centre in Sarajevo, Bosnia and herzegovina
Nabi Fatahi
4Sahlgrenska Academy att Gothenburg University, Institute of Health Care Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
Received 2014 January 21; Accepted 2014 Mar 29.
Abstract
Background:
Nosotros aimed to explore the groundwork of refugees emigrating to Sweden and their situation in the new country with special focus on their contacts with the Swedish healthcare organisation.
Textile and methods:
Our study has a qualitative design. Data was collected betwixt January and October 2013 during face-to-face interviews using open up-ended questions. A qualitative content analysis was carried out in accord with the Graneheim and Lundman method (2004). The participants were 8 women and 7 men, anile betwixt 65 and 86 years who had emigrated from Bosnia and Herzegovina. They had lived in Sweden between 13 and 21 years.
Results:
The findings revealed that the participants themselves experienced that alter of scenery, civilization and language influenced their ain well-beingness. The most important finding was that language and communication difficulties are experienced equally the major problems. These difficulties unsaid that all informants were forced to seek aid from their children or to utilise an interpreter when they visited various healthcare institutions.
Conclusions:
Health care professionals need to be aware of the various needs of various ethnic groups in Sweden, some of whom may carry traumatic experiences that could influence their health. In order to provide trans cultural intendance, a professional staff needs to know that historical, political and socioeconomic factors may influence ethnic minorities. Health care staff needs to recognize that social problems might exist medicalized. In item this article emphasizes the bug associated with linguistic communication.
Keywords: Refugees, war, Bosnia and Herzegovina, healthcare system, linguistic communication, experiences
1. INTRODUCTION
Every year millions of people motion from their homes and resettle in other countries as an upshot of globalization, war, natural disasters, politics and family relations. The virtually common reason for immigrating to Sweden has been political, but family relations are also of import (one). Republic of bosnia and herzegovina is a function of the Balkan region, and was geographically and politically bonded with the onetime Yugoslavia until 1991, at which time it became an contained country, after a period of state of war. Many Bosnians lost their lives in the state of war, and other survived by fleeing. Betwixt 1992 and 1995, the people of Bosnia and herzegovina experienced one of the most terrible wars seen in Europe since the cease of World War II. Violence and indigenous cleansing were deliberately used every bit a tool to bulldoze people from the areas where they were built-in and had lived for generations (2). The whole social construction was destroyed and there was no adequate social support system. In the same war, the civilians of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina were exposed to farthermost threats and intense feelings of helplessness (iii,4). The traumatic events experienced by thousands of people during this disharmonize may have a lasting effect on the mental health of the country (v). They have also had impact away every bit negative wellness consequences are specially loftier when relocation is due to severe conflicts, associated with violence and trauma (vi).
Since the 1970s, immigration has increased in Sweden besides as in many other European countries. Immigration is now the master source of an increasing of the number of Swedish population. But in 2006, 86,436 immigrants were granted residence permits in Sweden, of which 25,096 were for protection or humanitarian reasons (seven). Refugees, unlike many immigrants who accept left their homes for economic reasons or to bring together family members already settled in some other country, accept fled in lodge to survive. Nearly of these people have faced difficult transit experiences, culture shock, adjustment problems related to linguistic communication and occupational alter, and disruption in their sense of selfhood and community in the resettlement country (8). Additionally, a refugee has often suffered multiple losses such as severance from family and friends.
Trans cultural nursing is an essential attribute of healthcare today and this is a new concept and a separate area in nursing scientific discipline (nine, 10). In developing the theory, a major hurdle for health professionals was to discover meanings, practices and factors influencing care by religion, politics, economics, earth view, environment, cultural values, history, language and gender. These factors needed to be included for culturally competent care. The nursing profession has adopted this concept. Nurses and health professionals depict cultural competence as having the ability to understand cultural differences in order to provide quality intendance to a diversity of people. Cultural competence involves nurses and health professionals continuously striving to provide effective care within the cultural confines of their patients. The cardinal purpose of this theory is to detect and explain various and universal culturally based care factors influencing the health, well-being, illness or expiry of individuals or groups. The purpose and goal of the theory is to use research findings to provide culturally congruent, condom and meaningful care to clients of diverse or similar cultures. The three modes for congruent care, decisions and actions proposed in the theory are predicted to pb to health and well-being or to confront illness and death. In sum, the Culture Care theory has been a major and significant contribution to plant and maintain the subject area of trans cultural nursing bailiwick over the past five decades. The holistic and particularistic features and the ethno nursing method accept led to a new body of noesis well-nigh culture and intendance phenomena. Having knowledge of the patient's cultural perspectives enables the nurse to provide more effective and appropriate intendance (9, 10). The language plays a fundamental role in advice and interpretation of the culture, and it is important that nurses and health professionals first understand their own cultural values, attitudes, beliefs and practices that they have acquired from their ain families before learning most other cultural ways (11). Healthcare systems and patients are to a variable extent influenced past the local civilisation. This means that the way to express symptoms of disease and the expectations of the patient and on the patient by healthcare providers differ between regions, which may crusade problems when an immigrant calls for medical attention in a new country (12, 13, xiv, 15).
The Swedish wellness intendance arrangement is expected to provide equal wellness care opportunities for all patients (16). The Swedish Health and Medical Services Deed (1982) stipulate that health intendance must:
-
Be of good quality and have account of the patient's need for prophylactic care and handling,
-
Exist readily available,
-
Exist based on respect for the self-determination and privacy of the patient and
-
Promote good relationships between patients and health care providers.
Previous studies about the healthcare system among refugees showed that immigrants in Sweden accept significantly poorer health than native Swedes (17). And may therefore have increased need for healthcare services (18, nineteen).Previous studies made in Sweden about refugees coming from Burundi, Colombia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Poland, Kosovo and Syrian arab republic, showed that the principal problems were related to feelings of being uninformed and being sent to various levels of care, which resulted in lack of trust, and feelings that no one took overall responsibleness (20).
The aim of the present study was to describe the life of Bosnian immigrants afterward arriving to Sweden, with focus on contacts with healthcare system.
2. SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Our written report is based on a qualitative design, equally the report aimed to describe and analyze how patients experienced the Swedish health system. Inclusion criteria were subjects/persons coming from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were more than sixty years old, had lived in Sweden more than than x years and had visited the healthcare canter more than twice during the by month. Twenty subjects/persons were invited to participate in the study, of which 15 participants agreed to participate. Three of the participants declined participation without explanation and two of participants moved dorsum to Bosnia and herzegovina during the study period. Appropriately, xv persons participated in the study: eight women and seven men, anile between 65 and 86 years. All participants had lived in Sweden betwixt xiii and 21 years (Table i). The first author of the study (NS) made appointments for all interviews.
Table one
Demographic data of informants
Data was nerveless through private contiguous interviews by the start author (NS) using open up-concluded questions, following an interview guide inspired by Kvale (21). The interviews were performed between January and October 2013. They began with small talk. The opening question was" Can you please tell me about your life after arriving to Sweden?" and "Could you please tell me virtually your experiences to beingness a patient in Sweden? The initial question were supplemented with other curt questions like "Could you lot please tell me more about this? or "What do you lot mean whit this? All contacts with the informants were arranged in collaboration with one fundamental person in the Bosnian association of Gothenburg, located close to the place where the participants lived. Information apropos the aim and groundwork of the study was printed and distributed to the informants, and repeated to them orally before the interview. The interviews were individual and held in the participant homes. Participants were encouraged to speak freely using their ain words and the interviewer encouraged the informants to answer to questions as comprehensively every bit possible. The interviews were carried out in Bosnian by the 2nd writer, who is bilingual. All interviews were translated first into Swedish by the second author, and the translation was checked by a professional person translator. The interviewer only interrupted for questions or for post-obit-upwards the information given. The interviews lasted between lx and 90 minutes and were taped, transcribed and transcribed verbatim. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed in accordance with Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Due to the nature of our report, a qualitative dynamic assay method that stays close to data was needed. In this context a qualitative content analysis method in accordance with Graneheim and Lundman chose for analysis and interpretation of the collected data. This method is capable to condense a large amount of data to a limited number of themes, categories, subcategories and codes. Furthermore, content assay method makes it possible to include interpretations of a latent content The transcripts were read carefully in gild to identify the informants' experiences and conceptions of the migration and its outcome. Then, the assay proceeded by extracting significant units consisting of 1 or several words, sentences, or paragraphs containing aspects related to each other and addressing a specific topic in the material. And so meaning units related to each other through their content and context were abstracted and grouped together into a condensed significant unit, with a description close to the original text. The condensed text was farther abstracted and labelled with a lawmaking. Thereafter, codes that addressed similar issues were grouped together, resulting in subcategories. Subcategories that focused on the same trouble were brought together, in order to create more than extensive conceptions, which addressed an obvious issue (22). The results are presented with straight quotes from the interviews. According to the Swedish police force, there is no need for an ethical lath review if written consent has been obtained from the participants and if there is no concrete intervention involved in the report (23). Withal, the study conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (24). Participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that confidentiality would be maintained. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants.
3. RESULTS
The assay resulted in one category and four subcategories depending on how the participants described their lives in Sweden. The category, together with the subcategories, are presented in Table ii. Although this article is primarily concerned with the participant's experiences in Sweden, several questions concerned their lives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Informants in this study told united states freely about their experiences before arriving in Sweden, about their life in Sweden and experiences during the visits to the healthcare centres. The interviews were then analyzed in terms of dissimilar themes or subcategories (Tabular array 2).
Table 2
Overview of the categories and subcategories
three.ane Life in Sweden
As a outcome of everything happening in the world today you can no longer decide where to alive. To become refugees and immigrants in a foreign country is difficult and has its consequences. In the interviews it was found that older people found it especially difficult to come up to some other country after leaving everything, their homes, their children, their relatives and friends, and all their property. None of the informants thought of themselves every bit Swedish. The culture and surroundings were perceived equally strange, which they all felt contributed to their health and well-being deteriorating.
3.1.ane. The refugee eye
On arriving to Sweden, all of the informants were placed in refugee centres and sent around Sweden. This was experienced in different ways.
"I lived in a house with refugees from around the earth. There was no one from Republic of bosnia and herzegovina. It was terrible; I did not experience well and considered to returning to Bosnia".(p3)
A woman described her time in the centre as follows:
"I was very sick and needed medical attention. I was very agape. The ambulance came. The doctors talked and talked, explained, discussed with me and themselves… I just looked at them and did non know if I should express joy or cry".(p4)
"I was in a house with refugees from Somalia. Every mean solar day I only watched Boob tube. It was no fun".(p1)
3.1.2. The language barriers
Coming from a state that is at war, and all the bug associated with this situation was emphasized by all the informants in our study equally reasons not to get involved and learn the Swedish language. All had hoped that the war would end in a few months then that they could render to their home country. None of the informants knew more than a few Swedish words and were thus unable to communicate in Swedish. This also means that the informants lacked the social skills that could connect them with Swedish order. All informants are very sorry today that they never learned the Swedish linguistic communication.
1 participant described his language experiences like this:
"Knowing a linguistic communication is a treasure. I often meet older foreign persons on the street who want to ask me something. They talk incessantly, merely I understand cypher".(p2)
All the informants described when they were out walking, how they were assisted in the Swedish language past their children, grandchildren or friends. This meant that informants became more passive and did non care about their communication difficulties because in that location was always someone bachelor who could help them with translation. At the same time information technology happened that the children were the ones who suffered well-nigh because they had to plan both for themselves and their families.
Advice difficulties were described equally follows:
"My neighbors are Swedes, 2 elderly women who are very squeamish. Oh God, how I regret that I did not report Swedish. We would have had so much to talk about and it'd exist bang-up fun, just now we cannot".(p5)
Language and communication barriers tin can atomic number 82 to various difficulties and challenging situations. All informants had situations where they felt uncomfortable, laughed and felt as if they had lost their personal worth, a situation which is described in the post-obit:
"Two years ago I broke my hip, went to the infirmary and met a Swedish physician. I explained through the interpreter that I was a doctor, just he did not hear or did not want to hear".(p8)
Another participant described her state of affairs similar this:
"My son'southward married woman is Swedish. She oft comes to us and nosotros have so much to talk about. The problem is that I can't speak Swedish language".(p7)
An interpreter was sometimes hired to deal with different situations where informants must communicate in Swedish but could not. In the health care services, for example, three of the informants felt that information technology was much more sensitive to talk about their symptoms if some other person was present. Medical staff unassisted by a professional interpreter cannot exist sure that the patient is given the opportunity to express their views completely. However, during the interviews it was revealed that the interpretation situations acquired a multifariousness of problems. The interpreter did not speak the same language, did non translate correctly, sometimes they were non on fourth dimension for an appointment, and it took a long time to go a translation. These were just some of the points that all respondents were dissatisfied with.
About their experiences with interpreters i participant said the post-obit:
"In one case nosotros needed an interpreter and he came. He was from Kosovo and did not know the Bosnian linguistic communication. We must teach him Bosnian then he can interpret into Swedish. It was not funny".(p6)
Another adult female said:
"I take my son'southward daughter with me always. We understand each other very well. She is the best".(p11)
Nearly keeping times, one informant described the situation equally follows:
"I had an appointment with the md. The interpreter did not come, simply who cares?".(p10)
Among the respondents, there were some who had difficult experiences from the state of war in Bosnia and herzegovina and did not desire an interpreter. Some of the informants did not want to accept that they speak Serbo-Croatian linguistic communication, but the linguistic communication of the country they come up from. One participant describes their problems as follows:
"I made an appointment and said I wanted an interpreter who spoke Croation. When I got to the doctor it was a Macedonian interpreter. He said he spoke Serbo-Croation, mayhap he did, merely I understood nil. Nosotros booked some other engagement and waited some other month which was no good. Then came a Croatian interpreter and it went well".(p9)
One informant had the following to say about language:
" With Yugoslavia's disappearance the Serbo-Croatian language disappeared, so at that place will be Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Croation and other languages of the old Yugoslavia".(p12)
three.1.3. The children'south help
All respondents thought information technology obvious that children should assist their parents who live in Sweden simply cannot speak Swedish even if it usually led to encroachment on the child's privacy.
1 participant described the relationship with his/her children like this:
"My children and I live next door to each other. It feels really skillful. I'm really happy to have my children here".(p15)
One participant described his human relationship with his children in Sweden like this:
"Request for help from my children would mean that I intervene into their lives, simply I must. I'm lamentable, but I have to".(p13)
One participant said:
"My children call me daily. I have the nicest kids in the earth".(p14)
3.ane.4. Having gratitude in Sweden
All respondents found it difficult to move from their domicile country, leaving everything, to a completely different country. This was experienced as something terrible. When it comes to beingness thankful that they were allowed to stay in Sweden, emotions were mixed and informants had different opinions on the outcome.
One informant said:
"Nosotros take always paid 50 % tax for our work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today I have a pension which is 2000 SEK per month. What should I be grateful for?"(p4)
Another said:
"We must adapt to Swedish society and thus give thanks Sweden and the Swedes for all the assist we received and are still getting here".(p8)
Even stronger feelings appeared on the question of debt of gratitude:
"Who has something bad to say to the adept state that took intendance of us? If we lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina now, we would fight for our survival. Sweden is best for older people who cannot fend for themselves".(p11)
iv. DISCUSSION
In this study we analyzed experiences of the immigrants from Republic of bosnia and herzegovina. Nosotros found that the change of scenery, culture and linguistic communication influenced the well-being of the informants. During the war, the bulk of informants were forced to leave their holding, They were separated from their children and had to get out their piece of work and social community thereby leaving language, their homeland and what they and so far had experienced during their lives behind. Language and communication difficulties were felt to be the major problems.
Based on our results, we could see that the informants perceived well-being in their home state when they lived in their own environment. In that location they lived with their own culture and spoke their own language. Having a job, taking care of the family and taking part of the social community was perceived as very positive. From having an agile and fulfilling life, all informants switched to a less active and more isolated life. Some of the informants experienced the war and were both mentally and physically tortured. All informants felt a smashing loss of all those holding they had left in their previous world.
Co-ordinate to the participants in the interviews, their well-existence deteriorated when they became refugees in Sweden. According to Andersson (25) this may exist the result of settling in a foreign country, which brings experiences of alienation; of a lack of identity and rootlessness. Despite the fact that the informants moved to another country, they had not left their civilization and the social communication. None of the informants could be socialized into the new society. None of the informants were able to understand the new language, or convey data in Swedish. Non being able to understand and brand them understood was experienced every bit negative by all informants. All informants also regretted that they had never learned the Swedish language. According to Magnusson (26) the relationship between culture and advice is intimate and it is through communication that culture is passed on. Culture itself influences how we limited our feelings, likewise equally ourselves verbally and non verbally. Without knowledge in Swedish linguistic communication the informants were non able to have Swedish friends and without them the informants cannot learn the Swedish civilization. The findings in our study are in the line with other studies which showed that some participants could not access data because they were unfamiliar with the structure of the Swedish healthcare system. Lacking linguistic skills and difficulties in communication with care providers, for case regarding data most their affliction and involvement in treatment, caused frustration and increased the risk of misunderstandings, miscommunication and inequalities in healthcare provision (27, 28, 29).
All of the informants belonged to the aforementioned cultural-geographical area. The fact that they were forced to live in another country eliminated their cultural and historical background, which had a negative impact on their social state of affairs. Language limitations and advice difficulties meant that all informants were forced to seek assist from their relatives or had to utilise of an interpreter when they visited diverse institutions. Our findings are as well in line with a report of Chinese and Vietnamese patients living in the USA. Ngo-Metzger et al (30) showed that using an interpreter could even exacerbate disparities in patient's perception of their providers, despite receiving more data compared to those without an interpreter. Thus, an interpreter could not substitute a language-concordant provider (thirty). Co-ordinate to Gerrish (27) the quality of care is affected if the hospital does not have the opportunity to hire a professional person interpreter, and allows children to interpret for their parents or relatives. He farther argues that such interpretations are filled with feelings, misunderstandings, wrong interpretations and misinterpretations of the diagnosis and handling resulting in detrimental medical misunderstandings.
On the other side Öhlander (31) described that patients with immigrants background risk being described as "problematic" patients considering that healthcare professionals care for the patients group based on stereotypical images of how a patient from another country is supposed to human action, think about intendance, need, so equally the emphasis on cultural diversity might pb to exaggerated differences. One limitation of our written report was that we interviewed the participants in their homes, and sometimes (in the three cases) the participants had guests. In 2 other cases children of the participants joined the participants during the interview flow. These circumstances may have affected the answers and may have made the participants less open up.
5. Determination
The data in our study showed several major areas to improve access and quality of life for Bosnian refugees in Sweden. These areas are especially concerned with language and cross-cultural communication and improvements could be made by organizing different meetings for Swedes and immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina, organizing diverse courses in Swedish for immigrants where they live, informing Bosnian immigrants more near the Swedish culture and the Swedish health system and increasing the budget to train more interpreters in the Swedish linguistic communication. These are just a few areas that should be improved to brand immigrants from Republic of bosnia and herzegovina feel ameliorate psychologically and physically.
Sweden is today a multicultural and multi ethnic society. Health care systems and patients are to a variable extent influenced past the local civilization. This ways that the manner symptoms are described, the expectations of the patient, and the expectations that health intendance providers take on patients differ betwixt regions, which may cause problems when an immigrant calls for medical attention in a new country. Health care professionals demand to be aware of the various ethnic groups in Sweden. Hence, wellness care arrangement must adjust to the needs of ethnically various patients instead of the other way around. In order to provide trans cultural care, professional staff needs to know that historical, political and socioeconomic factors may influence ethnic minorities groups in Sweden. Effective and simple routines and facilities are also necessary when communicating with patients speaking a strange language. Health intendance staff needs to recognize that social bug might be medicalized and to develop a deeper understanding of the individual and how to meet individual needs in the lite of immigrational and cultural groundwork that might influence health.
Footnotes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: NONE Alleged.
REFERENCES
ane. Statistics S. Immigration, Emigration and Asylum Seekers. Migration [Google Scholar]
2. Lang S. The tertiary Balkan war: Red cross haemorrhage. Croat Med J. 1993;34:five–20. [Google Scholar]
3. Van der Kolk BA, McFaralane Ac. The blackness hole of trauma. In: Van der Kolk BA, McFaralane AC, Weisaeth Fifty, editors. Traumatic stress. The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and lodge. New York: Guilford Press; 1996. [Google Scholar]
4. Herman, J 50. NewYork: Basic books; 1992. Trauma and recovery. [Google Scholar]
5. Hodgetts One thousand, Broers T, Godwin M, Bowering E, Hasanovic 1000. Post-traumaticStress disorder among family physicians in Republic of bosnia and herzegovina. Fam Pract. 2003;20:489–491. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Palmer D, Ward K. "Lost": listening to the voices and mental wellness needs of Forced migrants in London. Med Confl Surviv. 2007;23:198–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Lipson J Thousand. Afghan refugees in California: Mental wellness issues. Issues in Mental Health nursing. 1993;fourteen:411–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Leininger Yard. Canada: Jones & Barlett Publishers; 1993. Culture Intendance Theory: The relevant theory to guide nurses Functioning in a multicultural earth. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Leininger M. Civilisation Care Theory: a major contribution to advance trans cultural Nursing knowledge and practices. Journal of Trans cultural Nursing. 2002;thirteen:189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Sandbacka C. Studies in the Philosophical Problems of Cross-Cultural interpretation. Helsinki: Acta Philosophica Fennica; 1987. Understanding other Cultures. [Google Scholar]
12. Jansson KÅ, Granath F. Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) before and later Orthopaedic surgery. Acta Orthopaedica. 2011;82:82–89. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
xiii. Ballamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW. Validation of WOMAC; a wellness status instrument for measuring clinically of import patient Relevant outcomes to anti-rheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis Of the hip or knee. Journal Rheumatology. 1988;15:1833–1840. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
xiv. Garratt AM, Ruta D, Abdalla MI, Buckingham JK, Rusell Information technology. The SF-36 health Survey questionnaire: an outcome measure out suitable for routine use within the NHS? BMJ. 1993;306:1440–1444. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Lindgard EA, Katz J, Wright EA, Sledge CB. Predicting the outcome of full knee arthroplasty. Journal of Os Articulation Surgery. 2004;86:2179–2186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Wilow K. Stockholm: Liber; 2003. Författningshandbok. In Swedish. [Google Scholar]
17. Akhavan S. Midwives views on factors that contribute to health intendance inequalities Amongst immigrants in Sweden: a qualitative written report. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2012;11:47. Doi: x.1186/1475-9276-11-47. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Albin B. Segmentation of Geriatrics. Lund: Lund University; 2006. Morbidity and Mortality among Strange-Built-in Swedes Doctoral Dissertation. Section of Wellness Sciences. [Google Scholar]
19. Björk Brämberg E, Nyström M. To be an immigrant and a patient in Sweden A study with an individualized perspective. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-beingness. 2010;v:1–ix. [PMC free commodity] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
xx. Razavi Yard F, Falk L, Björn Å, Wilhelmsson South. Experiences of the Swedish Healthcare organization: an interview written report with refugees in need of long-term health care. Scand J of Publ Health. 2011;39:319–325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Kvale S. Lund, Sweden (In Swedish): Studentliteratur; 1997. Den kvalitativa forskningsintervjun. (The qualitative Research Interview) [Google Scholar]
22. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitive content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measurres to achieve trustworthinnes. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24:105–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Swedish Health Care Human action The Human activity concerning the Ethical Review of Research Involving Humans. [last accessed 17/ August 2007]. http://world wide web.epn.se/eng/start/2003_460.apsx .
24. Code of Ethics 1964 (Revised) Edinburgh, 2005: World Medical Association; 2005. The World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. [Google Scholar]
25. Andersson BK. Lund: Natur och Kultur; 1985. Mot förståelsen av invandrares och flyktingens inre värld. (In Swedish) [Google Scholar]
26. Magnusson F. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2002. Etniska relationer i vård och omsorg. In Swedish. [Google Scholar]
27. Gerrish K. The Nature and outcome of Communication Difficulties Arising from interactions between District Nurses and South Asian Patients and their careers. Periodical of Advanced Nursing. 2001;33:566–574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Björk-Brämberg Eastward, Nyström M, Dahlberg Thousand. Patient participation: a qualitative study of immigrant women and their experiences. Int J Qual Stud Health Well- Being. 2010;5:4650. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Akhavan S. Midwives views on factors that contribute to health intendance inequalities mong immigrants in Sweden: a qualitative report. International journal for Equity in Wellness. 2012;11:47. [PMC complimentary article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Ngo-Metzger Q, Sorkin D H, Phillips R S, Greenfield S, Massagli Grand P, Clarridge B. Providing high-quality intendance for limited English proficient patients: The importance of linguistic communication concordance and interpreter use. J. Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:324–330. [PMC gratuitous article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Öhlander M. Problematic patienthood "Immigrants" in Swedish health care. Etnologic Scandinavica. 2004;34:89–107. [Google Scholar]
Articles from Materia Socio-Medica are provided here courtesy of The University of Medical Sciences of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina
feinsteinbrind1964.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035148/
Post a Comment for "Peer Reviewed Articles on Bosnian Cultural Beliefs Related to Illness"